| 其他摘要 | 横断山区生态环境复杂，野生动物资源丰富、种类繁多，是探讨物种分化与生物多样性形成等问题的热点地区。 攀蜥属(Japalura)，隶属于爬行纲(Reptilia)、有鳞目(Squamata)、蜥蜴亚目(Lacertilia)、鬣蜥下目(Iguania)、鬣蜥科(Agamidae),本属目前已知约29种，我国约有20种，且大多数分布于横断山区。横断山区是攀蜥属的分布中心，物种的分化异常复杂。近年来，该地区不断有攀蜥属的新种被发现，各新种虽在形态上与已知物种存在一定差异，但是到目前为止尚未有研究者在分子水平上对其有效性进行研究。因此，利用分子手段并结合形态学证据来研究横断山区攀蜥属的物种分类地位和系统演化关系具有重要意义。本研究选取12S rRNA、16S rRNA、ND4和COI四个线粒体基因片段进行测序，应用MEGA6.0和MrBayes3.1构建其系统发育树，并结合形态学证据探讨攀蜥属的分类、地理分布和系统发育关系。本研究证实了米仓山攀蜥、巴塘攀蜥和汶川攀蜥的有效性，从遗传距离上看，米仓山攀蜥与外群间的遗传距离为0.195-0.244，与攀蜥属其他物种间的平均遗传距离平均为0.126；汶川攀蜥与攀蜥属其他物种间的遗传距离为0.102-0.160；巴塘攀蜥与攀蜥属其他物种间的遗传距离为0.132-0.162。形态学结果也显示三者均为有效种。另外，系统发育分析表明，察隅采集的标本与维西、德钦等地采集的攀蜥属标本（曾一度被认为是草绿攀蜥）各成为一单独支系，且与其它攀蜥属物种间的遗传距离分别为0.146-0.185和0.131-0.163。结合与其它已知攀蜥属物种进行形态比较结果，认为上述两个支系为攀蜥属两个新种，并对两者进行描述，分别命名为察隅攀蜥J.chayuensis和维西攀蜥J.weixiensis。根据外部形态特征和分子系统学证据重新探讨了“独龙江攀蜥”的分类学地位。 我们认为目前横断山区共有攀蜥属16个物种，包括：四川攀蜥、长肢攀蜥、宜宾攀蜥、米仓山攀蜥、汶川攀蜥、草绿攀蜥、巴塘攀蜥、察隅攀蜥、维西攀蜥、玉龙攀蜥、短尾攀蜥、昆明攀蜥、丽纹攀蜥、裸耳攀蜥、云南攀蜥及帆背攀蜥。从分布来看，攀蜥属物种在横断山区大体呈纵向分布的特点，与横断山区的山脉格局相一致。分化时间估算结果显示，各物种的分化时间主要集中在中更新世和晚更新世，分化时间与横断山脉的隆起、冰期形成的时间相符，推测横断山区攀蜥属的分化及分布特点受第四纪地质与气候的共同影响。; Due to the complex ecological environment, Hengduan Mountains has very various and complex wildlife resources．It is a hot origin to solve the origin and evolution of animals in the world.The genus Japalura belonging to Reptilia, Squamata, Lacertilia, Iguania, Agamidae. There are 29 species of the genus Japalura in the world. About 20 species distribute in our country, and most of them distributed in Hengduan Mountains. In recent years, several new species of the genus were found here, although new species have some differention on the morphology with the known species, so far no researcher study their effectiveness on the molecular level. So, it has the vital significance to study the differentiation and development. In this study, mitochondrial gene of Japalura species in Hengduan Mountains were sequenced by molecular biology based on 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, ND4 and COI gene (total 2321bp). First of all, analysis of results prove the effectiveness of several new species.The mean genetic distance of J.micangshanensis and other Japalura species is 0.126 The distance of genetic distance for J.zhaoermii and other Japalura species is from 0.10 2to 0.160; the distance of genetic distance for J.batangensis and other Japalura species is from 0.132 to 0.162. In order to ensure the reliability of the results, compared the morphology, result showed that they were effective.In addition, according to the evidence of molecular systematics, describes two new species: J.weixiensis and J.chayuensis. In the phylogenetic tree, they each as a separate branch, and their genetic distance with other Japalura species is between 0.146 to 0.185 and 0.131to 0.163.Compared with other known species, think new species are established, and described them. According to the external morphological characteristics and molecular systematics evidence discussed the taxonomic status of "J.bapoensis".There are about 16 Japalura species in Hengduan Mountains , including J. andersoniana, J. batangensis, J. brevicauda, Japalura dymondi, Japalura flaviceps, J. grahami, J. micangshanensis, J. splendida, J. varcoae, J. yulongensis, J. zhaoermii, J. yunnanensis, J.chayuensis, J.weixiensis and J.vela. Combined with other literatures, show that the distribution of Japalura species in this region are cut off by mountains(especially in the north). The results showed that the species differentiation time mainly concentrated in the middle Pleistocene and the late Pleistocene, and consistent with the time of the ice age and uplift of the Hengduan Mountains, speculated the evolution of those species mainly affected by the quaternary geology and climate. |
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