中国科学院昆明动物研究所机构知识库

东南亚位于亚洲东南部，处于亚洲与大洋洲、印度洋与太平洋中间的十字路口地带，自古以来一直是重要的交流通道，包括大陆东南亚和海岛东南亚两大部分。民族、语言、文化和遗传多样度丰富，在早期人类迁徙史上扮演了非常重要的角色。本文在第一章中主要概述东南亚多样化的民族组成以及考古历史和遗传学研究进展，并对东南亚遗传多样性的研究提出新的思路和展望。从第二章开始，我们从东南亚所有人群的母系遗传结构角度出发，从东南亚人群的起源、人群融合、受到外来的遗传贡献和对其他人群的遗传影响这几个方面，以时间为轴线，基于线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA; mtDNA）研究整个东南亚地区起源和演化的历史进程。本研究对东南亚地区及其周围地区239个群体遗传关系进行比较，结果发现东南亚人群遗传多样度非常高，不同人群之间总体上按照语言民族各自聚类，mtDNA单倍型类群主要形成于末次盛冰期（Last Glacial Maximum, LGM）之后，最终形成如今东南亚民族语言文化多样化的格局（第二章）。东南亚地区确实存在着大量的mtDNA基部类群，进一步证实了该地区的复杂程度。从地理位置和时间计算上来看，东南亚人群的古老遗传组分大致可分为5类，这些类群分别是在不同地区独立起源快速分化的，并且分化中心都位于东南亚沿海地区。东南亚人群起源历史远比过去想的要复杂（第三章）。东南亚人群长期保持着民族、语言、文化和宗教的复杂性和多样性，不同语言的人群居住在一起，一起构成了东南亚多元文化的大背景。本研究基于东南亚及其周围地区人群的mtDNA大量样本数据，通过对人群的遗传结构的研究来探讨东南亚人群遗传多样度的形成。结果发现东南亚众多人群中，沿湄公河有大量的人群迁徙和遗传交流，最终促使湄公河流域人群遗传关系非常密切。对于湄公河流域人群遗传关系形成影响最大的时期是LGM之后以及全新世时期，驱动力可能是冰期过后环境条件改善和海平面上升，东亚农业文化对湄公河流域人群遗传结构反而影响很小（第四章）。东南亚历史上受东亚文化影响很大，本研究选取了南岛语系的传播为切入点，探讨东亚人群对东南亚人群遗传结构上的影响。虽然B4a1a的传播并没有伴随着南岛语系的扩散，但是该类群提示，东亚对东南亚确实存在遗传上的遗传贡献。B4a1类群起源于中国南部沿海地区，在全新世时期受海平面上升影响，对大陆东南亚和海岛东南亚都有不同程度的遗传贡献（第五章）。丝绸之路连接了中国与欧洲以及沿途重要地区，是一条东方与西方之间经济、文化进行交流的主要道路，东南亚地区也是海上丝绸之路的必经之路。考古发现和历史记载揭示丝绸之路上犹太人与亚洲东部人群的经济文化交流非常频繁，但是仅体现在文化层次上。本研究发现德裔犹太人有远东遗传印记，表明犹太人确实受到过远东地区人群的遗传贡献，M33c2进一步提示这次遗传交流发生在640-1400年前，落在丝绸之路的时间范畴。犹太人与亚洲东部人群的交流历史不仅仅是文化层面的联系，更是在遗传层面得到了体现。尽管对犹太人有直接遗传贡献的个体来自于中国四川地区，东南亚个体在M33c系统发育树上位于基部位置，也可以将此次遗传交流事件看做是东南亚遗传贡献的延续（第六章）。

Located at the crossroads between Asia and Oceania, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, Southeast Asia has been an important communication center since ancient times. It comprises two parts: mainland Southeast Asia and island Southeast Asia. The diverse ethnic groups, languages, culture and genetic diversity implys Southeast Asia played an important role in the early human migration history. In chapter 1, we summarized the diverse ethnic groups, archaeological and genetic progress of Southeast Asia in and proposed new ideas and prospects for further study.From chapter 2, we discussed the origin, genetic admixture, foreign genetic contributions and genetic contributions to other people chronologically based on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Southeast Asian. We compared the genetic relationships of 239 populations from Southeast Asia and its surroundings. The genetic diversity of Southeast Asian populations was relatively high and populations’ genetic structure clustered according to their languages. The major mtDNA haplogroups of Southeast Asia were mainly formed after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Finally, the diverse ethnic groups, languages and culture pattern of Southeast Asia were shaped nowadays (Chapter 2). The abundant basal mtDNA haplogroups confirmed the complexity of Southeast Aia. The ancient genetic components can be devided into 5 types according to their geographical position and age estimation results. Their origination and differentiation were independent and fast in different coastal regions. The origin history of Southeast Asian is far more complicated than before (Chapter 3).The ethnic groups, languages, culture and religion are very complex in Southeast Asia. Different speaking people lived together forming the multiculturalism of Southeast Asia. In this study, we discussed the genetic diversity formation of Southeast Asian by analyzing large numbers of mtDNA samples from Southeast Asia and its surrounding populations. We found people in the Mekong Valley had substantial migrations and genetic communications along this river, which leading to the genetic affinity of Mekong people. The LGM and Holocene contributed most to the genetic relationships Mekong people. The driving force may be the improved invironments and sea-level rise after the LGM. East Asian rice civilization had little effect on the genetic structure of the Mekong populations (Chapter 4).Southeast Asia was greatly influenced by East Asia in history. In this study, we chose the Austronesia expansion as a breakthough point to study the genetic effects from East Asian to Southeast Asian. Although the expansion of B4a1a haplogroup was not accompanied by Austronesia, it does suggest East Asian had genetic contributions to Southeast Asian. B4a1 was originated in the southern coast regions of China. Influenced by the sea-level rise after the Holocene, this haplogroup had contribution both to mainland Southeast Asia and Island Southeast Asia (Chapter 5).Connecting China, Europe, and regions along the road, the Silk Road promoted economic and cultural exchanges between East and West in history. Southeast Asia is also an important region along the Maritime Silk Road. Frequent communications between the Far East and the Jews have been observed since the Silk Road period. Nonetheless, such connections, as revealed by the archaeological discoveries and historical records, have been confined to economic and cultural exchanges. The existence of some eastern Eurasian haplotypes in eastern Ashkenazi Jews supports a Far East genetic contribution. Further evidence of M33c2 indicates that this connection can be attributed to a gene flow event that occurred between 0.64 - 1.4 kilo-years ago (kya), which falls within the time frame of the Silk Road scenario. This observed genetic contribution from Far Est to Ashkenazi Jews demonstrates that the historical exchange between Ashkenazim and the Far East was not confined to the cultural sphere but also extended to an exchange of genes. Although the direct genetic contribution to Jews was from Sichuan, this also can be considered as the successive genetic contribution from Southeast Asian, as their basal position on the phylogentic tree of M33c (Chapter 6).