中国科学院昆明动物研究所机构知识库

人类微生物组计划启动以来，我们对微生物（尤其是肠道微生物）的理解有一个全新的认识，他们不仅可以从寄主身上获取营养物质，而且在宿主的个体发育、营养获取、生理功能、基因表达、神经发育、免疫调节等方面也都发挥着重要作用。已有的关于动物肠道微生物的大多数研究主要聚焦于只占现生哺乳动物大约5%物种多样性的灵长类，其他哺乳动物（尤其是野生动物）肠道微生物的特性我们知之甚少，但想对所有哺乳动物物种进行采样分析是很难做到的，因此我们只能通过在哺乳动物系统进化树中寻找一支在物种多样性上具有一定代表性的动物类群作为我们的模型来研究微生物群落演化的模式。作为哺乳动物第二大类群的蝙蝠（翼手目），拥有超过1100个物种占现存哺乳动物物种20%以上，并且分化出了多种不同的食性，鉴于这些特点，蝙蝠为我们研究肠道微生物的群落组成提供了一个理想的群体。之前的研究通过对蝙蝠粪便微生物的16S rRNA 扩增子V3-V4区进行高通量测序分析蝙蝠的肠道微生物组分和结构，并试图解析不同物种和食性蝙蝠肠道微生物的演化模式和相关的驱动力。研究结果表明，在食性、地理位置和宿主系统发育关系这些对肠道微生物有影响的因素中，宿主系统发育关系是驱动肠道微生物群落分化的主要原因，肠道微生物的群落关系和宿主系统发育关系在统计学上展现出显著的一致性，也就是能通过肠道微生物的群落关系反映宿主的系统发育关系。本文结合进化生物学和微生物生态学的理论和方法探索在宿主进化历史中肠道微生物的演化模式和相关驱动力，为研究物种形成提供了新思考。

Since the launch of the Human Microbiome Program, we have a new understanding of microorganisms, especially gut microbes. They can not only obtain nutrients from the host, but also contribute to the host's individual development, nutrient acquisition, physiological functions, gene expression, neurodevelopment, immune regulation and other aspects also play an important role. Most of the existing studies on animal gut microbes have focused on primates that account for only about 5% of the species diversity of living mammals. Little is known about the characteristics of gut microbes in other mammals. However, it is very difficult to sample and analyze all mammalian species. Therefore, we can only study the model of microbial community evolution by searching for a representative animal population in the phylogenetic tree of mammals as our model. The bat, the second largest group of mammals, has more than 1,100 species accounting for more than 20% of existing mammalian species and has differentiated into many different feeding habits. Given these characteristics, bats can provide an ideal group for us to study the evolutionary patterns and related driven force of intestinal microbes. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA amplicon V3-V4 region of bat fecal microbes was used to analyze the intestinal microbial composition and structure of bats, and attempt to analyze the evolution patterns and related drivers of intestinal microbes of different species and diet. The results show that among the factors affecting gut microbes in feeding, geographic location and host phylogenetic relationships, host phylogeny is the main factor driving intestinal microbes differentiation. The relationship between the gut microbes community relationship and host phylogenetic relationships is statistically significant, that is, the phylogenetic relationship of the host can be reflected by gut microbes community relationship. This study combines the theory and methods of evolutionary biology and microbial ecology to explore the evolutionary patterns and related driving force of gut microbes in the history of host evolution, which can provide new insights for studying species formation.