Seen in part, feared in full': conditional visibility enhances eyespot defences without experience-dependent decay

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	Seen in part, feared in full': conditional visibility enhances eyespot defences without experience-dependent decay
	Cheng, YW; Li, YH; Long, XY; Chen, QY; Zhao, YM; Li, ZQ
	2026
发表期刊	Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci.
ISSN	0962-8452
卷号	293 期号:2067
摘要	Predation is a significant ecological pressure that shapes species evolution and community dynamics. Eyespots, as common anti-predator signals, are widely observed in various animals, particularly among lepidopteran species. These markings function by either mimicking the eyes of natural predators or acting as conspicuous warning signals to deter potential threats. However, eyespot effectiveness depends on environmental context (e.g. microhabitat structure) and predator experience. Here, we examined how partial eyespot concealment and short-term predator experience influence early-stage predation behaviour using artificial prey and domestic chicks. We used artificial prey and manipulated eyespot visibility across microhabitat conditions. Our results show that partially occluded eyespots consistently delayed predation, with chicks taking longer to approach and exhibiting prolonged hesitation compared with prey with fully visible or absent eyespots. Short-term experience did not alter these behavioural responses, indicating that immediate learning plays a limited role in modulating reactions to salient deceptive signals. Together, these findings demonstrate that the concealment of the eyespots themselves, rather than habitat complexity alone, which produces a measurable deterrent effect, likely through a combination of neophobia towards conspicuous stimuli and eye-mimicry processes. Our study highlights how microhabitat-mediated visibility shapes the functioning of visual defences and offers new insight into the ecological and perceptual factors influencing the evolution of eyespots in avian predator-prey interactions.
收录类别	SCIE
语种	英语
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://ir.kiz.ac.cn/handle/152453/15117
专题	管理、支撑部门_灵长类设施
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Cheng, YW,Li, YH,Long, XY,et al. Seen in part, feared in full': conditional visibility enhances eyespot defences without experience-dependent decay[J]. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci.,2026,293(2067).
APA	Cheng, YW,Li, YH,Long, XY,Chen, QY,Zhao, YM,&Li, ZQ.(2026).Seen in part, feared in full': conditional visibility enhances eyespot defences without experience-dependent decay.Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci.,293(2067).
MLA	Cheng, YW,et al."Seen in part, feared in full': conditional visibility enhances eyespot defences without experience-dependent decay".Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 293.2067(2026).

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2026071316.pdf（1679KB）	期刊论文	出版稿	开放获取	CC BY-NC-SA	请求全文