A Plant Needs Ants like a Dog Needs Fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni Ants Gall Many Tree Species to Create Housing

	A Plant Needs Ants like a Dog Needs Fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni Ants Gall Many Tree Species to Create Housing
	Edwards DP 1; Frederickson ME 2,3; Shepard GH 4; Yu DW*5,6; dougwyu@gmail.com
	2009
发表期刊	AMERICAN NATURALIST
ISSN	0003-0147
卷号	174 期号:5 页码:734-740
合作性质	其它
摘要	Hundreds of tropical plant species house ant colonies in specialized chambers called domatia. When, in 1873, Richard Spruce likened plant-ants to fleas and asserted that domatia are ant-created galls, he incited a debate that lasted almost a century. Although we now know that domatia are not galls and that most ant-plant interactions are mutualisms and not parasitisms, we revisit Spruce's suggestion that ants can gall in light of our observations of the plant-ant Myrmelachista schumanni, which creates clearings in the Amazonian rain forest called "supay-chakras," or "devil's gardens." We observed swollen scars on the trunks of nonmyrmecophytic canopy trees surrounding supay-chakras, and within these swellings, we found networks of cavities inhabited by M. schumanni. Here, we summarize the evidence supporting the hypothesis that M. schumanni ants make these galls, and we hypothesize that the adaptive benefit of galling is to increase the amount of nesting space available to M. schumanni colonies.
关键词	Ant-plant Interactions Galls Myrmecophytes Mutualism Parasitism
资助者	Support for this work came from the Yunnan government (20080A001), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (0902281081), the A. L. Green Fund, the Wil- liam F. Milton Fund, the National Geographic Society, and the Leverhulme Trust. M.E.F. thanks the Society of Fellows at Harvard University, D.P.E. thanks the Leverhulme Trust, and G.H.S. thanks E. G. Neves and the Fundac ¸a ˜o de Am- paro a Pesquisa do Estado de Sa ˜o Paulo (FAPESP). ; Support for this work came from the Yunnan government (20080A001), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (0902281081), the A. L. Green Fund, the Wil- liam F. Milton Fund, the National Geographic Society, and the Leverhulme Trust. M.E.F. thanks the Society of Fellows at Harvard University, D.P.E. thanks the Leverhulme Trust, and G.H.S. thanks E. G. Neves and the Fundac ¸a ˜o de Am- paro a Pesquisa do Estado de Sa ˜o Paulo (FAPESP). ; Support for this work came from the Yunnan government (20080A001), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (0902281081), the A. L. Green Fund, the Wil- liam F. Milton Fund, the National Geographic Society, and the Leverhulme Trust. M.E.F. thanks the Society of Fellows at Harvard University, D.P.E. thanks the Leverhulme Trust, and G.H.S. thanks E. G. Neves and the Fundac ¸a ˜o de Am- paro a Pesquisa do Estado de Sa ˜o Paulo (FAPESP). ; Support for this work came from the Yunnan government (20080A001), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (0902281081), the A. L. Green Fund, the Wil- liam F. Milton Fund, the National Geographic Society, and the Leverhulme Trust. M.E.F. thanks the Society of Fellows at Harvard University, D.P.E. thanks the Leverhulme Trust, and G.H.S. thanks E. G. Neves and the Fundac ¸a ˜o de Am- paro a Pesquisa do Estado de Sa ˜o Paulo (FAPESP).
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收录类别	SCI
语种	英语
资助者	Support for this work came from the Yunnan government (20080A001), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (0902281081), the A. L. Green Fund, the Wil- liam F. Milton Fund, the National Geographic Society, and the Leverhulme Trust. M.E.F. thanks the Society of Fellows at Harvard University, D.P.E. thanks the Leverhulme Trust, and G.H.S. thanks E. G. Neves and the Fundac ¸a ˜o de Am- paro a Pesquisa do Estado de Sa ˜o Paulo (FAPESP). ; Support for this work came from the Yunnan government (20080A001), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (0902281081), the A. L. Green Fund, the Wil- liam F. Milton Fund, the National Geographic Society, and the Leverhulme Trust. M.E.F. thanks the Society of Fellows at Harvard University, D.P.E. thanks the Leverhulme Trust, and G.H.S. thanks E. G. Neves and the Fundac ¸a ˜o de Am- paro a Pesquisa do Estado de Sa ˜o Paulo (FAPESP). ; Support for this work came from the Yunnan government (20080A001), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (0902281081), the A. L. Green Fund, the Wil- liam F. Milton Fund, the National Geographic Society, and the Leverhulme Trust. M.E.F. thanks the Society of Fellows at Harvard University, D.P.E. thanks the Leverhulme Trust, and G.H.S. thanks E. G. Neves and the Fundac ¸a ˜o de Am- paro a Pesquisa do Estado de Sa ˜o Paulo (FAPESP). ; Support for this work came from the Yunnan government (20080A001), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (0902281081), the A. L. Green Fund, the Wil- liam F. Milton Fund, the National Geographic Society, and the Leverhulme Trust. M.E.F. thanks the Society of Fellows at Harvard University, D.P.E. thanks the Leverhulme Trust, and G.H.S. thanks E. G. Neves and the Fundac ¸a ˜o de Am- paro a Pesquisa do Estado de Sa ˜o Paulo (FAPESP).
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://ir.kiz.ac.cn/handle/152453/2765
专题	科研部门_生态学与环境保护中心（俞维理）遗传资源与进化国家重点实验室
通讯作者	dougwyu@gmail.com
作者单位	1.Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom 2.Society of Fellows and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 3.Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada 4.Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, University of Sa ˜o Paulo, Avenida Prof. Almeida Prado 1466, Sa ˜o Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil 5.State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Eolution; Ecology, Conservation and the Environment Center; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China 6.Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation and School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Edwards DP,Frederickson ME,Shepard GH,et al. A Plant Needs Ants like a Dog Needs Fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni Ants Gall Many Tree Species to Create Housing[J]. AMERICAN NATURALIST,2009,174(5):734-740.
APA	Edwards DP,Frederickson ME,Shepard GH,Yu DW*,&dougwyu@gmail.com.(2009).A Plant Needs Ants like a Dog Needs Fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni Ants Gall Many Tree Species to Create Housing.AMERICAN NATURALIST,174(5),734-740.
MLA	Edwards DP,et al."A Plant Needs Ants like a Dog Needs Fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni Ants Gall Many Tree Species to Create Housing".AMERICAN NATURALIST 174.5(2009):734-740.

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