| 其他摘要 | To study the phylogenetic relationships of the macaques, six gene fragments from 40 individuals of 8 species: Macaca mulatta, M. cyclopis, M, fascicularis, M arctoides, M. assamensis, M thibetana, M silenus, and M leonina were sequenced. Additionly, sequences of M. sylvanus obtained from Genbank were also added in our dataset. A baboon was used as the outgroup. Phylogenetic trees were constructed. Because six gene fragments were mitochondrial genome and were inherited as a single entity without recombination, we combined six genes into a single analysis. Phylogenetic trees with higher bootstrap values than earlier studies based on mtDNA analysis were obtained. Excluding M. arctoides, our results are roughly in agreement with the classification of Delson (1980). Our studies also support that the mitochondrial lineages of M. arctoides share a close evolutionary relationship with the mitochondrial lineages of fascicularis group macaques (and M. fascicularis, specifically). M. mulatta (with respect to M. cyclopis\ M assamensis. assarnensis (with respect to M thibetana), and M. leonina (with respect to M. silenus) are mitochondrial paraphyletic. We surveyed the population structure and genetic variation of 14 populations of Macaca mulatta by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences and 20 microsatellite loci. High diversity in microsatellite data and mtDNA control region data were found. Maternal DNA (i.e., mtDNA) markers indicated that M. mulatta populations are structured geographically while biparental DNA (i.c, microsatellite) markers indicated that M mulatta roughly constituted a single population over the sampled range. Consequently, gene flow estimates (Nm) based on microsatellite data were greater than mtDNA control region, which might be attributed to the consequence of philopatric females vs dispersing males. MtDNA control region data suggested stable population history, thus there was no recent population expanse. Results of the bottleneck tests based on microsatellite data suggested that most of populations were not recently affected by demographic declines. Although Macaca mulatta are the widely distributed non-human primates in the world, data concerning the geographic variation are hotly debated and inadequate for determination of its' subspecies. In present study, a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence dataset from the cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome oxidase II, cytochrome oxidase HI, and 12SrRNA genes was generated in hope to give a better clarification among rhesus monkeys. Samples (n = 35) from 21 localities including India, Vietnam, Myanmar, and China (18 localities) were analyzed. M fascicularis, M. arctoides, M, cydopis and M. sylvanus were included as outgroup taxa. Sequences about 1900 bp in length were analyzed using maximum-parsimony (MP) and Bayesian methods. Consistent with the previous studies (Peng, 1993; Jiang et aL> 1995; Groves, 2001), the western lineage (India individuals) was corresponding to M. m. mulatta. In contrast with the classification of Wang (2003), four subspecies-assemblages could be identified in eastern lineage from our result: M. m. siarnica, M. m. brachyurus, M. m. littoralis, and M m, lasiotus. Among them, M m" siamica was the first diverged subspecies, of which one Myanmar haplotype located as the basal taxon. M m. hrachyurus and M. m. littoralis formed a cluster which presented as a sister group to M m. lasiotus. |
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