塔城黑白仰鼻猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）的觅食生态学和社会

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	塔城黑白仰鼻猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）的觅食生态学和社会
其他题名	Feeding Ecology, Social Organization and Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus bieti at Tacheng, Yunnan
	丁伟
学位类型	博士
导师	赵其昆
	2003
学位授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
学位授予地点	北京
关键词	耕地扩大栖息地破碎化人口卫星影像图地形图境走廊黑白仰鼻猴食性种群数量粪便残留物胁迫因子用植物种类－部位时间预算社会组织多雄单元成年性比
摘要	从 1999 年4 月至2002 年六月间，对黑白仰鼻猴种群(Rhinopithecus bieti ) 的分布和生境状况进行了调查。与十年前的调查结果相比，本次调查新发现了4 个亚种群（指存在生境走廊的若干群体），但有5 个以前存在的群已经消失，现存猴群数量为13 群，总体数量约为1200-1700 只。从西藏的芒康到云龙的龙马山，随着海拔的降低，猴群可利用的植被类型也随之多样化。但由于砍伐、放牧、开矿等因素的影响，猴群生境破碎化程度较高，连接猴群的生境走廊状况极差，多数猴群孤立分布，并且存在小种群问题，生境走廊的维护和恢复已成为该物种保护成功与否的关键。种群的总体数量下降了32%（不含4 个新发现的亚种群），其中4 群数量下降，4 群持平，1 群有所增长，5 群消失，这不容乐观的状况给我们保护敲响了警钟。此外，基于以前的研究结果，暗针叶林、针阔混交林和栎树林均为其适宜生境，夏季高山牧场则是由当地居民为放牧而砍伐、焚烧高海拔带的暗针叶林而形成的林间空地。我们使用了1997 年的卫星影像和1958 年的航拍地图来估算适宜生境和夏季高山牧场的面积。结果表明；1）在1997 年，黑白仰鼻猴的适宜生境面积为4169 km2，夏季高山牧场的面积为1923 km2。2）在近 40 年中，黑白仰鼻猴的适宜生境面积下降了31％（约1887 km2），而夏季高山牧场的面积则增加了204％（约1291 km2）。3）森林斑块的平均面积从15.6 km2 下降到5.4 km2。此外，夏季高山牧场的面积与当地居民的人口数量增长之间呈正相关关系 (R2 ≥ 0.53，p < 0.05)。除非当地居民的人口数量增长模式或者传统的生产生活方式发生改变，这种破碎化趋势将继续下去。从1999 年三月至2000 年十二月对云南塔城(99o18’E, 27 o36’N, 活动范围在 2,700 – 3700 m asl)的一群黑白仰鼻猴收集了食性和时间预算的数据。通过状态行为扫描的方式，主要记录了树冠中单雄组食用植物种类—部位。同时用显微镜对每个月的粪便样本进行了显微分析，以此作为食性的补充数据。仰鼻猴食用属于28 科、42 属的59 种植物，共计90 个食用的植物种类—部位，其中冬季利用 21 个植物种类—部位，春季38 个，夏季39 个，秋季47 个。另一方面，该群年平均花费日活动时间的35％进食，33％休息，15％移动，13％社会行为。日活动时间预算分配、摄食不同食物类别的时间、粪便中食物残留物及食用植物种类―部位的数目存在着季节性变化。食物种类与时间分配之间和之内的相关显然是为了最大化觅食效率与最小化能量消耗。考虑到来自北面与南面的群的相关报道，这个种对生境的适应性似乎与其他疣猴没什么区别，并无特化之处。因此，这个种的最终生存预期要比以前乐观。我们利用整个塔城猴群沿地面通过开阔地或喝水的机会，使我们能记录野外种群的大小和组成（如性比等）以及通过分析依次经过个体间的时间间隔以量化反映社会组织单元之间和之内的空间距离，用统计分析的方式来量化描述社会组织的模式，发现塔城猴群由9 个单雄单元（OMUs）、5 个多雄单元（MMUs）和2 个全雄单元（AMUs）组成，单雄单元、多雄单元和全雄单元内的个体分别约占总数的58％、34％和8％，无论在开阔峡谷地域或水潭旁，单元内的时间间隔显著短于单元间的时间间隔（开阔峡谷地域：非配对 t 检验，df = 49; p < 0.01，水潭：非配对t 检验，df = 35; p < 0.01）。在单雄单元的成年不等性比和成年雌性与婴猴的比例显著大于多雄单元（开阔峡谷地域：非配对t 检验，df = 40; p < 0.05，水潭：非配对t 检验，df = 16; p < 0.05）。在全雄单元中有大量的性别不明的未成年个体。此外，加之某些个案描述，论述了多雄单元存在的可能性及与全雄单元和单雄单元之间的关系。
其他摘要	The geographic range of Rhinopithecus bieti is in the Eastern Trans-Himalayas, bounded by the upper Yangtze River to the east and the upper Mekong River to the west, and between 26o14’N and 29o20’E. We made several surveys on the status and habitat of R. bieti from 1999 to 2002. Reportedly, the total population was estimated to be 1200-1700, belonging to 13 groups. We found four groups of monkeys that were not previously reported, and 5 groups might have been extinct. The northernmost group at Mangkang had divided into two groups. The exact ranges of other groups had shifted more or less. From the northernmost, Mangkang in Tibet, to the southernmost, Yunlong in Yunnan, and with the elevation decreasing there are several vegetation types where monkeys can utilize. Base on rigorous standard, only two monkey groups are not subjected to effects of small group, and the habitat corridors, which are subjected to threats of logging, grazing, and mining, etc., are severely damaged. Comparing the present data to the data of ten year ago（except new founding group）, the status of the species is not very optimistically. The total number of R. bieti declined 32%, 5 out of 14 groups are extinct, 4 groups declined, other 4 groups stay same or declined lightly, there are only 1 group showed growth trend. The five extinct groups have rung an alarm bell for the fate of this species. To protect existing corridors and restore the vanished or disturbed corridors should be one of the vital steps for the conservation of the species. we defined the dark-coniferous forest and coniferous forest mixed with broad-leaf trees as suitable habitats (SH), which were studded with summer grazing lands (SGL) at the same high altitude belt. The area of by farmlands. Only 11 monkey groups remained in the area. Destruction of SH will continue unless there is a change in the mode of production in the region. Data on diet and activity budget were collected in a group of Rhinopithecus bieti at Tacheng (99o18’E, 27 o36’N, between 2,700 – 3700 m asl), Yunnan, in a period from March 1999 to December 2000. Species-parts eaten were mainly recorded with feeding scores in scanning state behaviors of one-male units in tree-crowns. Supplemental data on diet were also made available with microscopic analysis of feces collected monthly. The animal consumed 59 plant species, belonging to 42 genera in 28 families, of which 90 species-parts eaten were distributed as 21 in winter, 38 in spring, 39 in summer, 47 in autumn. On the other hand, the group spent, on annual average, 35% of daytime in feeding, 33% in resting, 15% in moving, and 13% in social activities. Seasonal changes were shown in daytime budget and food item-related feeding time in tree-crowns, food remains in feces, and the number of species-parts eaten. Correlations within/between food items and time budget were clearly bound to maximize foraging effectiveness and minimize energy expenditure. In consideration of reports from northern and southern groups, what underlay the species’ adaptation to the habitat appeared not different from other colobines. Thus, the ultimate factors for survival of this species are better than thought before. We had the opportunity to record on video a whole band of R. bieti while crossing a gully and drinking at a water hole. This footage allowed us to unequivocally analyze the size and composition as well as spatial distribution of individuals in the band. This observation is supplemented with some note data collected, then quantitatively describe the social organization of R. bieti by means of time intervals between passing members of the band. In Tacheng, the band was divided into 26 units: 19 OMUs(one male units), 5 MMUs (multi-male units), and 2 AMUs(all male units), which is 58%, 34%, and 8% of the band, respectively. The mean interindividual time intervals within units are significantly shorter than between units (gully: two group t test, df = 49; p < 0.01; water hole: df = 35; p < 0.01). Apart from differences in total numbers of monkeys and units, the analysis of the water hole data yielded similar results like that of the gully data. The adult sex ratio and the ratio of females to infants are significantly different between OMUs and MMUs (gully: two group t test, df = 40; p < 0.05; water hole: two group t test, df = 16; p < 0.05). There were a lot of immature individuals of unknown sex associated with AMUs. In addition, some notes also suggested that MMUs might exist and the relation between AMU, AMU and MMU.
语种	中文
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.kiz.ac.cn/handle/152453/6485
专题	其他
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	丁伟. 塔城黑白仰鼻猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）的觅食生态学和社会[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院,2003.

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