西藏红拉雪山自然保护区黑白仰鼻猴 Rhinopithecus bieti 的生态与行为研究，中国及其邻近地区兽类动物地理区划数量分析

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	西藏红拉雪山自然保护区黑白仰鼻猴 Rhinopithecus bieti 的生态与行为研究，中国及其邻近地区兽类动物地理区划数量分析
	向左甫
学位类型	博士
导师	赵其昆 ; 季维智
	2005-02-16
学位授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
学位授予地点	北京
关键词	西藏红拉雪山自然保护区 Rhinopithecus Bieti 行为生态研究
摘要	从 2002 年11 月至2005 年4 月，在西藏红拉雪山自然保护区（98°20' ~ 98°59'E，28°48' ~ 29°40'N）对小昌都黑白仰鼻猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）群（98°35'00" ~ 98°40'00"E，29°14'24" ~ 29°16'42"N）（210 只左右）的生境及其利用形式、食性、活动时间分配、过夜树及过夜地选择、雄－婴照料和繁殖季节作了重点研究，并对保护区内的猴群分布、种群数量、保护状态以及潜在的威胁因素等作了一般性的考查研究。红拉雪山自然保护区存在3 个黑白仰鼻猴群，数量至少有300 只。从北到南分别是执娜群、小昌都群和米拉卡群，其中执娜群（29°22'，98°28'），是黑白仰鼻猴最北分布群。猴群栖息范围中，人类的经济活动频繁。由于活动范围位于或接近藏传佛教的神山，小昌都和执娜猴群保护最好，这两群之间存在生境走廊。米拉卡猴群保护状态较差，主要是偷猎现象还没有杜绝。对过去20 年的农牧业统计资料及藏族风俗习惯和民族传统综合分析发现：在红拉雪山自然保护区，尽管人类经济活动频繁，但猴群与人类和谐共存是可能的。小昌都猴群全年白天用49％的时间取食，20％的时间移动，18％的时间休息，13％的时间作其他的活动。在6-8 月，猴群日间表现出明显的三个取食高峰，两个休息高峰。在11-1 月，猴群有两个取食高峰，一个休息高峰，或者休息高峰根本不明显（12 月）。尽管环境温度和食物组成等也会影响时间预算，但造成这种现象的主要原因可能是白天长度的季节性变化。小昌都猴群年家域为21.25 km2，且主要在3800 – 4250 米的针叶林中活动。食物好的季节，猴群日移动距离长，日活动范围大；食物差的季节，则相反。秋－冬季（10-12 月）由于取食川滇高山栎（Quercus aquifolioides），活动的海拔高度高于其它季节；冬季（1-4 月）活动范围最低。猴群并不避免在人类间伐过的次生针叶林中活动。小生境的使用强度与在此生境中过夜的次数有关。小昌都猴群的食物以松萝为主。全年的食物组成：用单筒望远镜观察，松萝 82.1％，芽和叶12.1%，花、果实或种子占1.1%，无脊椎动物占0.6%，树皮、树根、树胶，草等占4.2%；接近猴群用肉眼或双筒望远镜观察，松萝50.8％，芽和叶28.5%，花、果实或种子占7.1%，无脊椎动物占6.5%，树皮、树根、树胶，草等占7.1%。根据动物在不同林层分布百分比整合后得到接近真实的食物构成：松萝75.4％，芽和叶15.7%，花、果实或种子占2.9%，无脊椎动物占2.4%，树皮、树根、树胶，草等占3.9%。猴群在夏季（6-8 月）会下地翻开小石块，取食无脊椎动物。冬季（1-4 月）会取食至少6 种树皮和2-3 种干草。基于避免捕食、安全、舒适、体温调节的考虑，小昌都猴群选择高大、底枝高、底枝长以及层数多的树过夜，并在背风、阳坡和海拔低的过夜地过夜。在过夜地的选择中，存在着阳坡和海拔高度的权衡决策。小昌都猴群个体不同林层的分布：77.5％在树上，6.0％在灌丛，16.5％在地上。成年雄猴和青年猴倾向于在地上活动。在地上活动时又倾向于移动，休息和其他活动少。获得高质量的食物和避免被捕食是出现这种格局的原因。在小昌都猴群中，婴猴受到雄猴照料时间百分比（percent time of infant care, PTIC）为17.2±3.3，其中身体接触（BC）、接近（IP）和监护（G）照料的时间百分比分别为0.6±0.5、5.8±1.2 和10.8±3.8。G 照料的最低值和最高值分别在8 月和3 月。雌猴总PTIC 为69.3±6.9，其中BC、IP 和G 的时间分别为42.0 ±8.6、21.6±5.3 和5.7±3.8。最低BC 和最高G 照料同时出现在3 月。对雄猴，（1）总PTIC 在能量压力高的季节明显高于能量压力低的季节；（2）G 照料PTIC 在能量压力高的季节也要比能量压力低的季节高；（3）BC 和IP 照料在两个季节之间没有区别。对于雌猴，（1）总PTIC 在高能量压力季节要比低能量压力季节低；（2）G 照料在高能量压力季节要比低能量压力季节高，而BC 照料在高能量压力季节要比低能量压力季节低；（3）IP 照料在两个季节之间没有区别。这种高强度的雄婴照料，特别是托儿所的照料方式，是由这种环境下过高的能量压力所引起的。小昌都群为严格季节性出生且出生季节在2 月初到3 月中旬之间，时间跨度 45 天，属脉冲型。这种格局是光周期、温度、食物等环境因子综合调控的结果。综合以上结果我们认为小昌都群的行为和生态特点，除具备疣猴一般特点外，还具有地点特殊性，是自然环境如光照、温度、食物供给季节变化和生物环境如捕食压和人类活动相互作用的结果，或者可以看成是能量摄入和损耗之间以及它们和安全之间的权衡结果，体现了猴群对极端环境的适应。
其他摘要	Data on population, distribution, habitat structure, conservational status and threaten factor of the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Honglaxueshan National Nature Reserve (HNNR) (98°20' ~ 98°59'E，28°48' ~ 29°40'N) of Tibet, were collected from November 2002 to April 2005. Specially, group at Xiaochangdu (98°35'00" ~ 98°40'00"E，29°14'24" ~ 29°16'42"N), which was about 210 individuals, was chosen for ecology and behavior study, which mainly on time budget, diet, ranging behavior, sleeping tree/site and sleeping behavior, spatial distribution, male-infant caretaking and birth seasonality. There are three groups of Rhinopithecus bieti and at least 300 individuals in HNNR. From north to south, they are Zhina, Xiaochangdu and Milaka group, respectively, and Zhina group (29°22'，98°28') is northmost distribution of this species. There are many economic activities of human, such as grazing livestock, looking for aweto, toadstoo and mushroom, in monkeys’ home range. Owing locates or nears the scared mountain of Tibetan Buddhism, the conservational status of Xiaochang and Zhina group are good, and there is a habitat corridor between them. The status of Milaka group is bad for poaching still exists in its home range. Analysis on agriculture data of last 20 years in four villages, which locate in HNNR, and the traditional custom of Tibetan indicate there is an opportunity for monkeys live harmoniously with human-being, in spite of there are more economic activities in monkeys’ habitat. Xiaochagndu group spent 49% of daytime in feeding, 20% in moving, 18% in resting, and 16% in other activities, respectively. There are three feeding peaks and two resting peaks in summer (from June to August), but in winter (from November to January) there are two feeding peaks and one resting peak, or there are no obviously feeding or resting peaks in December. The day length, which about four hours less in December than that of in June, maybe the primary constrains on time budget, in spite of the temperature and food composition can influence, too. The preferentially behaviors is feeding, moving, resting and other activities, respectively. The yearly home rang of Xiaochangdu group is 21.25 km2. They primarily range between 3800 and 4250 m asl in primary dark-conifer forest, which makes up about 95%. During the season of good food supply, there is more daily travel length and range; in bad season, in reverse. There is no obviously migration in summer and winter; food or thermoregulation decided where they should go. The intension of habitat use is positive relation to the distribution of sleep site. Monkeys primarily feed on lichen year-round. Two methods of observation were introduced to obtain the food composition, One is Scan with Field Scope (SFS), which biases to the animal of tree crown and get a composition of 82.1% lichen, 12.1% buds and leaves, 1.1% flower, fruit or seed, 0.6% invertebrate, 4.2% gums, parks, grass ect., and the other is observed with eyes by close monkeys, which biases to the animal on bushes and ground and get a composition of 50.8%, 28.5%, 7.1%, 6.5% and 7.1%, comparison to SFS, respectively. Based percent time that the animal spend on tree, bushes and ground, we integrate (weight) the result of two methods and get a real food composition of 75.4%, 5.7%, 2.9%, 2.4% and 3.9%, as above. In summer, monkeys feed invertebrates by uncovering the small stone, and in winter, they bite the bark and feed dried grass. In generally, there are 77.5%, 6.0% and 16.5% time on tree, bushes and ground, respectively. The observation value of male and juvenile of both sexes is higher than expected. This means male and juvenile have more time on ground than female and infant, which have less motional flexibility and higher probability of predation. They in March. Specifically, we tested the energetic stress hypothesis, which posits that in order to reduce the energetic burden of females in severe environments high (low) PTIC by male (female) should appear particularly during the high energetic stress season. We analyzed the difference of PTIC between high energetic stress season (Mar and Apr), when ambient temperatures are low, food is scarce, females are in lactation and have to carry their offspring, and low energetic stress season (Jun-Aug), when ambient temperatures are relatively high, food is abundant, but females are still lactating and occupied with infant carrying. The results are: 1) for male: total PTIC and PTIC of G in high energetic stress season is greater than that of in low energetic season; no difference of BC and IP; 2) for female: total PTIC and PTIC of BC in high energetic stress season is lower than that of in low energetic stress season; PIIC of G in high energetic season is higher than that of low energetic stress season, there is a little difference PIIC of IP. All these results are in accord with energetic stress hypothesis. The mainly body of copulatory pattern of the species is single mount-to-ejaculation. Solicitation for mating is mainly launched by female. Mating behavior is seasonality, and only observe from June to Octember. Breeding is strictly seasonality, and monkeys only give birth from early February to middle March. This pattern is adapted to the extremely environment and complicatedly regulated by day length, temperature and food supply. In general, the patterns of ecology and behavior are similar to those reported for other colobines, but they have habitat-specific and reflect the species’ adaptations to its ecological niche.
语种	中文
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.kiz.ac.cn/handle/152453/6486
专题	其他
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	向左甫. 西藏红拉雪山自然保护区黑白仰鼻猴 Rhinopithecus bieti 的生态与行为研究，中国及其邻近地区兽类动物地理区划数量分析[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院,2005.

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