| 其他摘要 | I studied song characters of western black crested (WBC) gibbons (Nomascus concolor) in Ailao Mountains, Wuliang Mountains, and Yongde Daxueshan National Natural Reserve in Yunnan China, and Nam Kan Protected Area in Bokeo Province northwest Laos, and also surveyed the habitat structure of WBC gibbons in Pinghe, Ailao Mountains, using quadrat method. This study clarified the causation of individuality in gibbon songs, and examined the differentiation of 4 subspecies of WBC gibbons with song character difference, and also addressed the habitat structure of WBC gibbons living in high altitude. Results shows that there are 57 tree species from 37 genera and 24 families and nine woody liana species from eight genera and six families living in the habitat of WBC gibbons in Pinghe, Ailao Mountains, Yunnan Province (N 24°20′09.5″, E 101°17′16.1″, Alt 2600m). The proportion of canopy Layer Ⅰ and Ⅱ, as well as the abundance of the woody vine, increased from the summit to the ditch. Compared with other populations WBC gibbons in Ailao Mountains act at a relatively low level above the ground (10–22m) and have less fleshy fruits species for eating. Five types of phrases in male songs of WBC gibbons were difined in this study, boom notes are the most simple and stable phrases; the CV value declines in the order of aa notes, weakly modulated phrases, multi-modulated phrases and coda phrases. We found some measured variables of coda phrases are significantly lower than multi-modulated phrases, even though no significant difference between these two types’ of phrases by combined all measured data. Based on this result, we examined the coda phrase difference among individuals and found that individuality among neighbors was very pronounced; moreover, individuality within a site (i.e. among neighbors) is higher than among individuals between sites, which suggests that black crested gibbons may actively increase their degree of vocal individuality against that of their immediate neighbors by vocal adjustment. The individuality in gibbon songs makes the identification of individuals possible, and the ability to discriminate between neighbors and strangers or newly grown up individuals by the individuality in their songs, may provide several advantages. We analyzed the gibbon songs of 4 subspecies of WBC gibbons and found that, they can be separated into three groups: 1) N. c. concolor and N. c. jingdongensis; 2) N. c. furvogaster ; 3) N. c. lu. According to this and previous studies we think that, N. c. lu may be a separate subspecies, the N. c. furvogaster may also be a separate subspecies, but further studies are needed to test the latter one; N. c. jingdongensis is a synonym of N. c. concolor |
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