云南大山包越冬黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）食物选择与容纳量研究

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	云南大山包越冬黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）食物选择与容纳量研究
其他题名	Food Selection and Eenergy Carrying Capacity of the Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis Winter in Dashanbao, Yunnan
	董好岩
学位类型	博士
导师	杨晓君
	2016-07
学位授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
学位授予地点	北京
关键词	黑颈鹤食性组成食物选择食物丰富度环境容纳量
其他摘要	黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）是世界珍稀物种。其生存状况与食物密切相关。了解黑颈鹤的取食生境，食物分布情况，食物喜好，影响其食物选择的因素及基于食物的环境容纳量，能够为保护该物种提供有效的保护措施。我们于2013年11月至2014年2月和2014年11月至2015年2月，在云南大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区利用行为录像和食物可获得性取样进行了月间食物组成和食物选择变化的研究；于2012年11月至2015年2月进行了不同食物类型可获得性取样、食物时空分布和环境容纳量的研究。黑颈鹤食物组成和食物选择研究结果显示：大山包自然保护区越冬的黑颈鹤的食物组成主要为谷物（74%）、马铃薯（8%）和无脊椎动物（14%），蔓菁类食物、叶茎类和根茎类食物组成的比例较小。黑颈鹤食物选择的月间变化与部分食物的可获得量相关。谷物的可获得量与其他三个月相比在11月份为最高，随后逐渐下降，而11月份和2月份可获得的无脊椎动物比12月份和1月份高。黑颈鹤在11月份取食谷物量最低，在12月至来年2月份较高。黑颈鹤在11月和2月取食无脊椎动物量高于12月和1月。黑颈鹤在整个越冬季都选择取食谷物，而取食无脊椎动物主要在11月和2月，这可能与12月和1月的气温下降导致无脊椎动物的可获得量大幅度下降有关。另外，黑颈鹤对谷物颗粒季节性选择与无脊椎动物的可获得性呈负相关性，而与其食物的可获得性没有相关性。在整个越冬期，无脊椎动物的可获得性在11月达到最高，尽管此时谷物的可获得性也最高，结果表明黑颈鹤更加偏爱无脊椎动物，可能与黑颈鹤迁徙后需要补充大量的能量有关。由于低温期无脊椎动物的可获得量锐减，建议保护区在降温或土壤冰冻期间适当增大人工投食力度。食物丰富度研究结果表明：尽管农地总食物的丰富度与草地总食物的丰富度没有显著差异，但农地可获得的食物丰富度明显高于草地。两种生境食物丰富度年间变化结果显示，2014-2015年农地总食物丰富度明显低于2013-2014年，而草地总食物丰富度三年间基本相同；2014-2015年农地和草地的可获得食物的丰富度明显低于2013-2014年。两种生境食物丰富度月间变化结果显示农地总食物丰富度和可获得食物的丰富度月间差异显著，表现在1月、2月与3月和前年11月。草地总食物的丰富度和可获得食物的丰富度月间差异同样显著，表现在3月与2月和前年11月。越冬黑颈鹤的相对丰富度与密度和其可获得食物及总食物的丰富度呈现显著的正相关。对两种生境农地和草地分别进行统计结果显示：在草地生境中，黑颈鹤密度和相对丰富度与其可获得的食物和总食物的丰富度成正相关，但黑颈鹤的密度与其总食物的丰富度的相关性低于黑颈鹤密度与其可获得食物的丰富度，而在农地生境中，黑颈鹤密度和相对丰富度与其可获得的食物和总食物的丰富度不存在这种相关。农地生境的黑颈鹤的相对丰富度与密度高于草地生境，随着月间推移，农地生境的黑颈鹤相对丰富度与密度呈现下降-上升-再下降的趋势，而草地生境的黑颈鹤相对丰富度与密度呈现相反的趋势，即上升-下降-再上升。上述变化表明越冬黑颈鹤的密度可能伴随着其食物资源的变化而变化。综合月间和生境间的数据，可以发现各年间根茎和绿色植物的丰富度高于其它几类食物，其次为马铃薯，而蔓菁、谷粒和无脊椎动物丰富度较低，除谷物颗粒和湿地的无脊椎动物，其它几类食物没有年间差异；综合年间和生境间的数据，可以发现各月间的食物丰富度顺序同上，除马铃薯、谷粒和草地中的无脊椎动物，其它几类食物没有月间差异；综合年间和月间的数据，可以发现各生境间的食物丰富度差异，其中，农地的马铃薯和蔓菁的食物丰富度高于谷粒，草地和湿地的根茎和绿色植物的丰富度高于无脊椎动物。无脊椎动物的丰富度在草地和湿地中没有显著差异。根茎食物丰富度在草地和湿地中有显著差异，草地的根茎食物的丰富度高于湿地。湿地中绿色植物的食物丰富度高于草地。将湿地和草地中的不同食物类型分地区进一步分析，发现跳墩河湿地中的无脊椎动物和根茎丰富度明显高于大海子湿地，大海子草地中的无脊椎动物的丰富度高于跳墩河，而草地中的根茎在两个地点没有差异。草地和湿地的绿色植物都不存在地区间的差异，农作物在两个地点也不存在差异，表明黑颈鹤对农作物的追随在这两个地点是一致的。采用临界值能量容纳量并通过计算每天黑颈鹤所需的能量来估算大山包黑颈鹤容纳量和大山包可种植玛卡（外来物种，经济作物）的最大面积。以当前黑颈鹤的容纳量（bird-day）作为参考值，利用日摄食量模型估算大山包保护区可容载的黑颈鹤是否达到当前的容纳量1.4×105鸟天数（bitd-day）。结果显示2012-2014年大山包黑颈鹤的容纳量较为一致，而2014-2015年略微下降，综合三个越冬季黑颈鹤的容纳量与当前黑颈鹤容纳量1.4×105（鸟天数）相比较发现，基于食物能量的可容纳的黑颈鹤鸟天数是当前黑颈鹤容纳量的1.3-1.4倍左右。进一步分析不同年份各月间两种取食生境所提供的总能量与当前黑颈鹤一定时间段内所需的能量，结果表明除2012年1月外，2012-2015年间，每年11月到来年1月两个生境所提供的总能量是对应时期黑颈鹤所需能量的1-1.9倍，每年2月所提供的总能量是对应时期黑颈鹤所需能量的两倍多，而每年3月提供的总能量远远大于同时期黑颈鹤所需能量。作为玛卡非扩张种植期的2012-2014年与玛卡扩张种植期的2014-2015年在月间能量容纳量上并没有差异。对黑颈鹤四种取食食物类型的月间能量容纳量进一步分析，结果表明在2012-2013的12月、2013-2014的1月和2014-2015的1月，无脊椎动物的能量容纳量低于该类型食物临界能量容纳量。在2012-2015年，3月苦荞的能量容纳量低于或者接近其临界能量容纳量。本研究结果提示目前大山包保护区种植的玛卡面积对黑颈鹤的种群数量没有产生影响。建议农地种植玛卡的最大面积比例为59.80%，草地种植玛卡的最大面积比例为23.58%，由此，建议大山包自然保护区未来农地种植玛卡的面积不宜超过600 ha（总面积为800 ha，占80%)。尽管目前种植的玛卡对黑颈鹤能量容纳量并没有产生影响，但是月间部分食物的能量容纳量会达到临界值，加之大山包地区气候恶劣导致农作物的产量较低，因此，建议当地相关部门推行大面积玛卡种植时需要更加慎重。; The Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis is a globally vulnerable species, whose food is the factor determining its long-term survival. Understanding dietary habits, food preferences, and related factors, food variation and energy carrying capacity will facilitate the development of effective conservation plans for the protection of this vulnerable species. Diet composition and monthly food selection were mainly carried out in the winter period of 2013-2015, while both of the studies of spatio-temporal variation of food and carrying capacity of Black-necked Crane were covered the whole three year from 2012 to 2015 in Dashanbao Nature Reserve. We used video recording and sampling of food availability to examine the dietary composition and temporal variation in food selection of Black-necked Cranes wintering at Dashanbao Reserve. The Black-necked Crane’s diet consists primarily of domestic food crops such as grains（74%）and potatoes（8%）, in addition to invertebrates（14%）. A much smaller proportion of the diet was comprised of turnips and wild herbaceous plants and tubers. There was monthly variation in food selection, partially related to food availability. Grains were most available in November and decreased through the winter, whereas invertebrates were more available in November and February than in December and January. Grain consumption was lowest in November but higher from December through February. Invertebrate consumption was highest in November and February. The cranes preferred to eat grains throughout winter months, while they mainly selected invertebrates in November and February. We suggested invertebrate populations sharply declined in December and January due to the low temperature. In addition, grain consumption was negatively associated with invertebrate availability. In November, when invertebrates were most abundant, and despite a concomitant peak in grain abundance, we suggested cranes exhibited a preference for invertebrates over grains. We recommend that the protection administration provide appropriate supplemental foods for cranes during freezing weather. The abundance of available food in farmland was significantly higher than that in grassland, while there was no significant difference between the total food abundance of farmland and that of grassland. Though there was no significantly difference about total food abundance in grassland among the three years, total food abundance of farmland in 2014-2015 was lower than that in 2013-2014, and the available food of both farmland and grassland in 2014-2015 were lower than those in 2013-2014. To the farmland, the total food abundance and the available food abundance were significantly different between January, February and November, March. To the grassland, there were also significant differences in the total food abundance and the available food abundance between March and November, February.The relative abundance and density of Black-necked Cranes was positively correlated with the total food abundance and the available food quantity. The positive correlation between density of the Black-necked Cranes and available food abundance was more obvious than that between density of the Black-necked Cranes and total food abundance in the grassland. However, there was no significant correlation in the farmland no matter between the density of Black-necked Cranes and available food or between the density of Black-necked Cranes and total food abundance.The relative abundance and density of the Black-necked cranes in farmland was higher than that in grassland. In addition, the relative abundance and density of the cranes showed a decrease-increase-decrease trend in the farmland while presented an opposite trend in the grassland. This phenomenon revealed that the relative abundance and density of the Black-necked Cranes changed with the variation of their food resources.It was found that the abundance of food combined monthly and habitat data: root, wild herbaceous plants and potato were more available among total food types, while turnip, grain and invertebrates in marsh were least in three year. Except for grain and invertebrates in marsh, other types of food have no difference in three years, and except for grain and invertebrates in grassland, other food types showed no monthly difference. It was found that the food abundance of potatoes and turnips were higher than that of the grain in farmland, and the abundance of roots and herbaceous plants in grassland and wetland were higher than invertebrates. There was no significant difference about the abundance of invertebrate between grassland and wetland. Food abundance of root in grassland was higher than that in wetland while food abundance of green plants in the wetland was higher than that in grassland. Further analysis found that the invertebrates and root abundance in Tiaodunhe wetland were significantly higher than that in the Dahaizi wetland, while the invertebrate abundance in Dahaizi grassland was higher than Tiaodunhe grassland. There was no difference about the root in grassland between the two locations. There were neither regional differences about the green plants between grassland and wetland nor differences about crops in the two sites, which indicated that Black-necked Cranes followed consistency on crops in the two locations.We used daily food intake model using current Crane-day as reference value to estimate the carrying capacity of the Black-necked Cranes whether it reached current capacity. The results showed that the carrying capacity of Black-necked Crane in 2012-2013 was similar with that in 2013-2014, while the carrying capacity in 2014-2015 slightly decreased. Compared the carrying capacity of the Black-necked Crane in three years with the current carrying capacity 1.4 × 105 bird days, we estimated the bird-day of Black-necked cranes was about 1.3-1.4 times of current capacity. The monthly difference of carrying capacity between two feeding habitat with the carrying capacity of the Black-necked Crane in a certain period within the required energy were compared. The results showed that the two feeding habitats provided a total energy 1-1.9 times of the current energy from November to January in 2012-2015 except January 2012, and the total energy was twice more in February than the required energy of Black-necked Crane in corresponding periods. However, this phenomen was more obvious in March.Estimated monthly energy carrying capacity was similar between 2012-2014 as not expanding planting period and 2014-2015 as expanding planting period. Combined months data, we compared the four food type of ECC（CED/ha）to the threshold ECC every year. The result revealed that the potatoes, oats, tartary buckwheats were respectively exceeded 1.11-1.15 times, 1.26-7.92 times, 0.9-2.70 times to the food thresholds. However, the grubs was exceeded the food threshold less than one time（0.27-0.48 times). So we further estimated the monthly ECC of four food types each year and found that the ECC of grubs were less than the food threshold in December 2012-2013, and January, 2013-2015. Meanwhile the tartary buckwheats were less than the food threshold in March, 2012-2014, and approximate the food threshold in March, 2014-2015. We suggested the largest proportion of maca area planted on farmland and grassland were 59.80% and 23.58%, respectively. Based on the assumption, we suggest that the largest planted maca area should not exceed 600 ha in the future（total 800 ha, account for 80%). The expanding planting maca area had no impact on ECC in Dashanbao Reserve in 2014-2015. However, monthly ECC comparison demonstrated that the grubs in December or January, and tartary buckwheats in March were less than the food threshold. In addition, the yield of crops in Dashanbao Reserve was much lower than normal due to the bad weather. Thus, we suggest that the authorities should treat maca planting area cautiously under current circumstance.
学科领域	动物学
语种	中文
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.kiz.ac.cn/handle/152453/11981
专题	科研部门_鸟类学（杨晓君）
作者单位	中国科学院昆明动物研究所
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	董好岩. 云南大山包越冬黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）食物选择与容纳量研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院,2016.

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