For the importance of domestic animals in the process of agricultural civilization in human society, their origins and dispersal were widely concerned and studied. Zooarchaeological evidence and previous studies on mitochondrial DNA showed that there were multiple domestication centers for pigs. But the more exact places and when the domestication events happened were still unclear. To bridge these research gaps, we determined partial and complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of 567 domestic pigs and 159 wild boars from across China, Southeast Asia and India; partial mitochondrial DNA sequences of African warthog and red river pigs were also determined. All mitochondrial sequences of suids published in GenBank were included in our analysis. The phylogeny of Suiformes was discussed. The phylogenetic tree of Sus based on complete mitochondrial DNA sequences was constructed. The clusters of the phylogenetic tree were named according to set theory. Samples were typed and classified according to the cluster characteristic substitution mutation motif. The previously published data were also classified according to cluster specific motif and (near)-sequence match. The coalescent time of each cluster was calculated by average mutation distance. The hypothesis of population expansion was analyzed by neutral test and mismatch distribution. Through the phylogeographic variation pattern of both wild boar and domestic pigs, we obtained the following conclusions: The Hippopotamidae was the sister group of ruminants. The hippopotamus, together with ruminants was the sister group of Suidea. Among the five genera, the babirusa was the earliest that separated from suidae. Three Genera were distributed in Africa: River pigs, warthog and bush pigs, in which river pig and warthog were sister groups. Within the Sus, Java wild boar race group and Eurasia wild boar race group was clustered into two distinct clades. 2.Wild boar was initially originated from south Siwalik, and subsequently experienced many expansion events. 3.The domestic pigs were distributed either on the basal position or the tip of East Asian lineage A. Australia and pacific Islands feral pigs and two Indian domestic pigs were presented in cluster A*, while the domestic pigs in clade D were the most widely distributed in East Asia. The subclusters D2, D3 and D4 were mainly found in Mekong region. Thus, Asian domestic pigs were mainly originated from Mekong regionabout 12,000 ago, while limited domestication events might also occur in other places such as Yangtze region and Japan.
修改评论